Menachot 77b — the Talmud in English

Mishna:

From all of them [from all the types: loaves, wafers, and scalded loaves of matza, and from the leavened loaves]

из всех видов: халот, рекиким и равуха из мацы, а также из халот из хамеца

he would take

the kohen

one of ten [one loaf from among the ten loaves of each type]

одну халу из десяти халот каждого вида

as teruma.

As it is stated

As it is stated in the passage concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering: “If he offers it for a thanksgiving offering … with loaves of leavened bread he shall offer his offering …

and he shall offer from it one from each offering [one from each type]

одну из каждого вида

as a gift to the Lord

for the kohen who sprinkles the blood of the peace offerings; it shall be his”; and the measure of the teruma is one tenth, as will be explained in the beraita in the Gemara by a gzera shava from the teruma of the tithe.

And Scripture said

“one,”

to teach

that he may not take

the kohen

a piece [a piece]

but he takes a whole loaf. And Scripture said

“from each offering,”

to teach

that all the offerings [all the types of loaves in the thanksgiving offering]

все виды халот благодарственной жертвы

must be equal

in the number of their loaves, so that

he may not take

the teruma

from one offering for another [from one type for the other]. If the number of the loaves were not equal—for example, if he made five of one kind, ten of another, and fifteen of another—and he took three loaves, then it would emerge that by taking one whole loaf from each type, he was taking from one offering for another.

And it is written: “

For the kohen who sprinkles the blood of the peace offerings [the kohanim of that priestly family that was serving on the day the offering was brought]

для коэнов того отряда коэнов, который служил в день принесения жертвы

it shall be his”

the loaves of teruma—

And the remainder is eaten by the owners.

Gemara:

The Sages taught:

It is written: “And he shall offer from it one from each offering as a gift to the Lord”:

“And he shall offer from it,”

that he should take

from the attached

that is, they should all be in one vessel, in order to take the teruma from them. 6. “

One,”

so that he may not take a piece. “

From each offering,”

that all the offerings should be equal

in the number of their loaves, so that

he may not take from one offering on behalf of another. “

A gift to the Lord”:

Still

I do not know

that loaf which he takes as teruma

from how many

loaves

it

comes, for I do not know what the measure of the teruma is.

I reason

a gzera shava:

it is stated here

concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering

“teruma,”

and concerning the teruma of the tithe [Numbers 18:26]

в книге Бамидбар 18:26

“teruma” [“And you shall raise from it the Lord’s teruma, a tithe from the tithe”].

«И отделите от него труму Всевышнему — десятую часть от десятины».

Just as there, one of ten, so here, one of ten.

We have thus learned that he would make ten loaves, and take one of them as teruma.

Or take this path,

perhaps you will say that we should learn the gzera shava, “teruma, teruma,” from another place:

It is stated here

concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering

“teruma,”

and concerning the first fruits [Deuteronomy 12:17]:

в книге Дварим 12:17:

“teruma” [“And the teruma of your hand”—this refers to the first fruits].

«и трума твоей руки» — это первые плоды.

Just as there,

concerning the first fruits,

it has no measure, so here it has no measure?

Let us see what it resembles,

Let us see to what it is comparable,

we derive a teruma after which there is no teruma

like the teruma of the loaves of the thanksgiving offering,

from a teruma after which there is no teruma

like the teruma of the tithe—

and the first fruits should not prove it, for after them there is a teruma,

because after the first fruits that he gives, he must still separate teruma from the fruits.

Or take this path,

perhaps you will say, on the contrary, we should derive the teruma of the loaves of the thanksgiving offering from the first fruits, for:

We derive a teruma that is eaten in a holy place [in Jerusalem]

в Иерусалиме,

from a teruma that is eaten in a holy place,

for even the first fruits are eaten only in Jerusalem—

and the teruma of the tithe should not prove it, for it is eaten everywhere?

The verse teaches

concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering:

“from it [one from each offering]

одну из каждой жертвы

a gift to the Lord,”

and it is written concerning the teruma of the tithe

“from it, a teruma” [“And you shall raise from it the Lord’s teruma”]

«И отделите от него труму Всевышнему»

for a gzera shava,

that is, we derive a place where “from it, a teruma” is stated from a place where “from it, a teruma” is stated; and the first fruits should not prove it, for “from it, a teruma” is not stated concerning them.

The beraita adds to explain:

We have learned that the teruma is one tenth, but I do not know from how much

flour

it

each

loaf is.

I reason

a gzera shava:

It is stated here—

concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering, in the leavened loaves—

“bread” [“with loaves of leavened bread”]—

«на халы хлеба хамеца» —

and it is stated there

concerning the two loaves

“bread” [“From your settlements you shall bring bread, a wave offering, two loaves; they shall be two tenths of an ephah,” Leviticus 23:17]:

«из ваших поселений принесите хлеб возношения — два; две десятых меры», Ваикра 23:17:

Just as there,

concerning the two loaves,

one tenth of an ephah per loaf [for there were two loaves from two tenths of an ephah]—

поскольку два хлеба были из двух десятых мер, —

so here,

in the loaves of leavened bread,

one tenth of an ephah per loaf; [and below it will be explained from where it is known that each of the matza loaves is one third of a tenth of an ephah.]

впоследствии будет разъяснено, откуда следует, что каждая хала мацы составляет одну треть десятой меры.

Or take this path:

It is stated here

concerning the loaves of the thanksgiving offering

“bread,”

and concerning the showbread

“bread” [“You shall take fine flour and bake it into twelve loaves; two tenths shall be in each loaf. You shall place them in two rows, six to a row … You shall put pure frankincense on each row, and it shall be for the bread as a memorial portion”; Leviticus 24]:

«Возьми муку и испеки из неё двенадцать халот; по две десятых меры должна быть каждая хала. И положи их в два ряда, по шесть в каждом ряду... И положи на каждый ряд чистый ладан, и будет он хлебом для памятного возношения», Ваикра, глава 24.

Just as there,

each loaf of

two tenths of an ephah

was,

so here—

each loaf of the leavened loaves—

two tenths of an ephah?

Your answer is:

Let us see to what it is comparable: we derive a meal offering that comes:

a.

leavened together with the offering,

for the loaves of the thanksgiving offering come with the thanksgiving offering—

from a meal offering that comes

also

leavened,

and comes

with the offering,

like the two loaves, which are leavened and come with offerings, as the verse states in the passage of the two loaves [Leviticus 23:18]: “And you shall present with the bread seven yearling lambs, and two rams, as a peace offering”—

and the showbread should not prove it, for it does not come leavened

but matza, and it does not come

with the offering.

Or take this path,

perhaps you will say: on the contrary, let us learn the loaves of the thanksgiving offering from the showbread, for:

They infer the meal-offering that comes

both

from

the produce of the

land and

both from produce of

outside the Land of Israel,

both

from the new [

new produce]

and

both

from the old—

from the meal-offering that comes,

it too

from the Land and outside the Land, from the new and from the old—

And the two loaves shall not prove, for they come only from the new and from

produce of the

Land,

as we learned below [83b]: All the communal and individual offerings [meal-offerings] come from the Land and from outside the Land, from the new and from the old, except for the omer and the two loaves, which come only from the new and from the Land.

The verse says

with regard to the two loaves: "

From your dwelling places you shall bring two loaves of wave-offering,"

which need not say "

you shall bring" [

it need not have said, "you shall bring"],

and what does it teach by saying "

you shall bring"?

To teach:

Whatever [

every leavened substance like it]

that you bring from another place is like this [in equal measure to it]. We have thus learned:

Just as there—

with the two loaves—

a tenth

for every

loaf

of leavened bread,

so here—

with the leavened loaves of the thanksgiving-offering—

a tenth for each loaf.

You might say: Let us not learn from the two loaves that there must be a tenth for each loaf, in which case he would bring ten tenths for ten leavened loaves; rather, let us say:

What is it there—

with the two loaves—

two tenths

for all the loaves that he brought—

so here—

with the leavened loaves—

two tenths

for all the loaves he shall bring, and he shall make ten loaves from them—

The verse says

with regard to the two loaves, "Fine flour

they shall be,"

and below it will be explained that from the superfluous letter yod [the number ten] we learn that the leavened loaves in their entirety consist of ten tenths.

We have learned ten

tenths

for

the loaves of

leavened bread

of the thanksgiving-offering—

Ten

tenths

for

the loaves of

unleavened bread

of the thanksgiving-offering—

from where?

The verse says, "And he shall offer with the sacrifice of the thanksgiving-offering unleavened loaves mixed with oil, unleavened wafers smeared with oil, and fine flour mixed into boiled loaves [of unleavened bread] with oil," and adjacent to it is written: "

unleavened loaves mixed with oil, unleavened wafers smeared with oil, and fine flour made into scalded loaves [of unleavened bread] mixed with oil.” And adjacent to it is stated:

Upon the loaves of leavened bread

he shall offer his offering," teaching that

corresponding to

the amount of fine flour that you bring for

leavened bread, bring

an equal amount of fine flour for

unleavened bread.

There are found twenty tenths

in all the

loaves

of the

thanksgiving-offering, ten

tenths

for leavened bread, and ten

tenths

for unleavened bread.

One might have thought,

those

ten

tenths

of the unleavened bread should all be of only one type, meaning: if he wishes, he brings loaves; if he wishes, he brings wafers; if he wishes, he brings boiled loaves—

meaning: if he wishes, he brings loaves; if he wishes, he brings wafers; if he wishes, he brings scalded loaves—

The verse says: "

If he offers it for a thanksgiving-offering, and he shall offer with the sacrifice of the thanksgiving-offering

unleavened loaves mixed with oil, unleavened wafers smeared with oil, and fine flour mixed into boiled loaves [of unleavened bread] with oil." Thus

there are found: three and one-third tenths for each type—

And

there are found

three loaves per tenth, for from three and one-third tenths one makes ten loaves—

for from three and one-third issaron measures one makes ten loaves—

And there are found

a total of

the loaves

of the

thanksgiving-offering: forty

loaves.

This is

four of them he takes—

one from each type—

and gives them to the priest, while the remainder are eaten by the owners.

The Master said

in the beraita taught above:

It is written, "

And he shall offer from it

one from each offering," to teach that it must be

from what is joined:

And we challenge this:

If so,

that which

is written [Leviticus 4:19], "

And all its fat he shall raise from it"

And according to the beraita, it also follows that he must raise it from what is joined, but

there—

with regard to the sacrificial portions—

what joining is there!?

And we answer: Indeed, "from what is joined" is possible in this case,

as Rav Hisda said in the name of Avimi; for Rav Hisda said in the name of Avimi:

He must not cut

the

flesh before he takes

the

sacrificial portions,

so that the sacrificial portions will be joined with all the flesh when he takes them.

The Master said

in the aforementioned beraita: "

I do not know from how many [loaves] it comes [the offering]; I reason:

It is stated here

‘an offering’

and it is stated concerning the tithe-offering

‘an offering’;

just as there it is one of ten, so here too it is one of ten":

And we challenge this:

Let us derive

the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering

from the offering

of the war

of Midian,

as it is stated there [Numbers 31]: "And you shall raise a levy for Hashem from [half of the spoil belonging to] the men of war who went out to battle, one soul from five hundred, of the people and of the cattle and of the donkeys and of the flocks; from their half you shall take and give it to Eleazar the priest, the offering of Hashem."

And we answer:

They derive an offering that applies for all generations

like the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering,

from an offering that applies

for all generations

like the tithe-offering,

but the offering of Midian shall not prove, since it does not apply for all generations.

And we still challenge:

Let us derive it from the offering of dough

concerning which it is stated, "From the first of your kneading-bowls you shall give an offering," for it is established that one takes one of twenty-four!?

The tanna of the school of Rabbi Ishmael:

There is no learning from the offering of dough to the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering, because

they derive a matter concerning which it is stated "

an offering from it to Hashem" ["And he shall offer from it one from each offering, an offering to Hashem"],

from a matter concerning which it is stated "

from it an offering

of Hashem" ["And you shall raise from it the offering of Hashem, a tithe from the tithe"]—

to exclude the offering of dough, concerning which it was not stated "

an offering from it to Hashem."

a. A non-priest who intentionally eats teruma gedola or the tithe-offering is liable to death at the hands of Heaven, as it is stated [Leviticus 22:9]: "And they shall keep My charge [from eating teruma while impure in body], and they shall not bear sin because of it, and they shall die through it when they profane it; I am Hashem who sanctifies them. And no non-priest shall eat the sacred thing [teruma]," and we learn that a non-priest who eats teruma is liable to death.

b. A non-priest who unintentionally eats teruma or the tithe-offering, even if it belongs to him [for example, if he inherited it from his maternal grandfather, a priest], must pay the principal and a fifth, as it is stated [Leviticus 22:14]: "And if a man eats a sacred thing [teruma] unintentionally, he shall add its fifth to it, and he shall give the sacred thing to the priest"; that is, he pays with something fit to become sacred, for he does not pay money but non-sacred produce, and it becomes teruma.

c. Teruma that became mixed with non-sacred produce is not nullified in a majority like other prohibitions; rather, it requires one hundred measures of non-sacred produce against the teruma so that the teruma may be permitted ["it is raised by one hundred and one"], but if there is less than this, everything is forbidden, and this is called in the language of the Sages "dimua."

Rava asked:

The offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering—

whether

one is liable to death for them

when a non-priest eats them intentionally,

and a fifth

if he eats them unintentionally, as with teruma—

or is one not liable to death or a fifth for them?

The sides of the uncertainty are:

Is it to be said:

Since it was compared to the tithe-offering—

as we derived in the beraita above, the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering by a gezera shava from the tithe-offering—

it is considered like the tithe-offering,

and just as one is liable for the tithe-offering to death and a fifth, so too one is liable for the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering.

Or perhaps:

Since the verse says concerning a non-priest who eats teruma, "

through it" ["and they shall die through it when they profane it"], and concerning eating teruma unintentionally it says

"its fifth,"

the Merciful One excluded,

saying: The law applies to teruma but not to another substance, teaching that this law applies only to the teruma of produce and not to the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering.

The Gemara is further uncertain: Does the offering of the loaves of the thanksgiving-offering

cause dimua [

forbidding what became mixed with it, and being raised only by one hundred and one], as ordinary teruma—

or does it not cause dimua,

like teruma, but is nullified by a majority like other forbidden substances?

And we conclude:

Teyku!

The Master said

in the beraita: "I do not know from how many it is; I reason: It is stated here ‘an offering,’ and it is stated concerning the tithe-offering ‘an offering.’"

I do not know from how much it is made. I reason: “bread” is stated here, and “bread” is stated below with regard to the two loaves: just as below, an issaron per loaf, so here, an issaron per loaf -

Or go in this direction: the verse says, “From your settlements you shall bring two loaves of elevation-offering.” And what does “you shall bring” teach? That anything you bring from another place is like this: just as below, an issaron per loaf, so here, an issaron per loaf. If so, just as below there are two issarons, so here there are two issarons.

It teaches

“They shall be”:

The Gemara asks:

What is the derivation?

How do we learn from “they shall be” with regard to the thanksgiving loaves that they too are an issaron per loaf, as with the two loaves, and not say that all the thanksgiving loaves are two issarons, like all the loaves of the two loaves?